Dried soil samples from many sources have been stored in archives world-wide over the years, but there has been little research on their value for studying microbial populations. Samples collected since 1843 from the Broadbalk field experiment on crop nutrition at Rothamsted have been used to document changes in the structure and composition of soils as agricultural practices evolve, also offering an invaluable record of environmental changes from the pre- to post-industrial era in the UK. To date, the microbial communities of these soils have not been studied, in part due to the well-documented drop in bacterial culturability in dried soils. However, modern molecular methods based on PCR amplification of DNA extracted directly from soil do not require bacterial cells to be viable or intact and may allow investigations into the legacy of bacteria that were present at the time of sample collection.
In a preliminary study, to establish if dried soils can provide a historical record of bacterial communities, samples from the Broadbalk soil archive dating back to 1868 were investigated and plots treated with either farmyard manure (FYM) or inorganic fertilizer (NPK) were compared. As anticipated, the processes of air-drying and milling greatly reduced bacterial viability whilst DNA yields declined less and may be preserved by desiccation. A higher proportion of culturable bacteria survived the archiving process in the FYM soil, possibly protected by the increased soil organic matter. The majority of surviving bacteria were firmicutes, whether collected in 2003 or in 1914, but a wide range of genera was detected in DNA extracted from the samples using PCR and DGGE of 16S rRNA genes. Analysis of DGGE band profiles indicated that the two plots maintained divergent populations. Sequence analysis of bands excised from DGGE gels, from a sample collected in 1914, revealed DNA from - and β-proteobacteria as well as firmicutes. PCR using primers specific for ammonia oxidizing bacteria showed similar band profiles across the two treatments in recently collected samples, however older samples from the NPK plot showed greater divergence. Primers specific for the genus Pseudomonas were designed and used in real-time quantitative PCR to indicate that archived soil collected in 1868 contained 10-fold less pseudomonad DNA than fresh soil, representing around 105 genomes g−1 soil. Prior to milling, dramatically less pseudomonad DNA was extracted from recently collected air-dried soil from the NPK compared to the FYM plot; otherwise, the two plots followed similar trends. Overall bacterial abundance, diversity and survival during the archiving process differed in the two soils, possibly due to differences in clay and soil organic matter content. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that air-dried soils can protect microbial DNA for more than 150 years and offer an invaluable resource for future research. 相似文献
Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) control the rate limiting step of nitrification, the conversion of ammonia (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2−). The AOB therefore have an important role to play in regulating soil nitrogen cycling. Tillage aerates the soil, stimulating rapid changes in soil N cycling and microbial communities. Here we report results of a study of the short term responses of AOB and net nitrification to simulated tillage and NH4+ addition to soil. The intensively farmed vegetable soils of the Salinas Valley, California, provide the context for this study. These soils are cultivated frequently, receive large N fertilizer inputs and there are regional concerns about groundwater N concentrations. An understanding of N dynamics in these systems is therefore important. AOB population sizes were quantified using a real-time PCR approach. In a 15 day experiment AOB populations, increased rapidly following tillage and NH4+ addition and persisted after the depletion of soil NH4+. AOB population sizes increased to a similar degree, over a 1.5-day period, irrespective of the amount of NH4+ supplied. These data suggest selection of an AOB community in this intensively farmed and C-limited soil, that rapidly uses NH4+ that becomes available. These data also suggest that mineralization may play an especially important role in regulating AOB populations where NH4+ pool sizes are very low. Methodological considerations in the study of soil AOB communities are also discussed. 相似文献
The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between soil water potential, nitrifier community structure and nitrification activity in semiarid soils. Soils were collected after a 5-month dry period (end of summer) and subsequently rewetted to specific water potentials and incubated for 7 days prior to analysis of nitrification activity and nitrifier community structure. The approach used in this study targeted a 491bp segment of the amoA gene which encodes the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, which is the key enzyme for all aerobic ammonia oxidisers. amoA serves as a useful target for environmental studies since it is both specific and universal for all ammonia oxidisers and reflects the phylogeny of the ammonia oxidisers. Our results suggest that in semiarid soils water potential plays a key role in determining the structure of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), and that additionally AOB community structure is correlated to potential nitrification rate in these soils. 相似文献
为了解国内外堆肥氨挥发领域的发展历程以及未来的发展态势,以“composting or compost”、“ammonia or NH3”和 “emission or volatilization”等为主题词,搜索Web of Science核心合集数据库,并利用VOSviewer、CiteSpace等可视化分析软件,对 2000—2021年国内外发文量的变化趋势、主要研究机构、高被引文章、研究热点与前沿进行可视化分析。结果表明:2000—2011年,全球堆肥氨挥发领域年发文量较少且平稳。自2012年开始,中国在堆肥氨挥发领域发文量快速增长,目前中国的发文量居世界首位;中国农业大学在堆肥氨挥发领域的发文量和总被引频次均位列世界第一,西北农林科技大学和巴塞罗那大学篇均被引次数较高。该领域研究热点主要为畜禽粪便、污泥等富含蛋白质的堆肥原料、堆体自身理化性质与外部环境等氨挥发的主要影响因素、堆肥添加剂以及堆肥工艺调控减排措施与机理。2000—2010年,生物过滤技术被用于减少堆肥氨排放,且温度被认为是影响堆肥氨挥发的重要因素;2011—2021年氨气、氧化亚氮、生物炭成为热点关键词,生物炭作为改良剂减少氨挥发与温室气体排放成为研究人员关注的热点。从关键词突现图谱可以看出,生物炭(biochar)突现强度高,突现年份近,这是近五年的热点,有可能是未来研究的热点。研究发现,新型低成本、可回收调理剂的开发与应用、生物炭等调理剂固定的氮素的稳定性、以及含氮气体、含硫臭气、温室气体与重金属、抗生素、抗性基因等多种性质污染物的协同控制可作为未来的研究前沿。综上,本研究可为了解2000—2021年来堆肥氨挥发领域的发展态势提供参考,并且为堆肥氨挥发研究领域未来提供启发。 相似文献
Most ammonia (NH3) emissions (85%) in Canada come from agricultural sources (400 kt/yr). There are international conventions that require countries to mitigate NH3 emissions but there are no federal or provincial guidelines in Canada stipulating emission targets or best practices for agriculture. This study examines the potential for mitigating atmospheric NH3 using a range of approaches. Taking current farm practices into account, employing proven low‐cost measures (low‐emission slurry application and slurry storage covers) would reduce annual emissions from livestock operations by 16 kt NH3‐N, while using all available low‐cost measures would reduce emissions by 79 kt NH3‐N or 26% of livestock emissions. Another 36 kt/yr could be avoided by improving fertilizer practices, so that the total potential reduction would be about 29% of all agricultural emissions. Emissions from beef cattle and pig production could be reduced by 18% if consumption was cut by 50%, with greater mitigation if production for export was reduced, although the economic and social consequences need to be considered. Mitigation practices must be viewed in the context of possible pollution swapping especially in surplus nitrogen situations. Emissions must also be considered in terms of atmospheric NH3 transport to and from the USA, therefore bi‐national agreements to jointly reduce emissions might be needed. It may be more cost‐effective in Canada to strategically reduce emissions to minimize risks to health (from particulate matter) and the environment rather than to reduce annual national emission targets. 相似文献